Hardware Layer

Components

At this level components are implemented as integrated circuits (computer chips) mounted on circuit boards.

User Interfaces

In ancient times the user interface consisted of panels with lights, toggle switches, and buttons. Now there is no user interface.

Data Types

Bits, bytes, and words

Instruction Sets

Machine language instructions are carefully formatted binary words:

Assembly language is just a symbolic form of machine language:

ADD X, Y, Z // Z = X + Y